OEA/Ser.L/V/II.74 ANNUAL
REPORT OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION RESOLUTION
NO. 26/88 CASE
10109 ARGENTINA September
13, 1988
1.
The case discussed in the present report involves a presumed violation of
the complainant’s political rights (Art. 23 of the American Convention on
Human Rights, hereinafter the Convention) and the rights of association and
equality before the law (Arts. 16 and 24 of the Convention, respectively).
2.
The violations of the aforementioned rights is alleged to have occurred
based on the provisions of Argentine laws Nos. 22,627 (Organic Law of Political
Parties)1
and 19945 (National Electoral Code) because–according to the
complainant–they “presuppose and complement the monopoly on nominations
which is enjoyed by the parties.”2
3.
The claim dated September 25, 1987, meets the requirements set forth in
Article 32 of the Commission’s Regulations and pertinent provisions of the
Convention (Art. 46 d.).
4.
The contents of the claim are summarized below.
a)
The complainant asked on September 20, 1983, to be registered as a
candidate for the office of the national deputy for the Corrientes Province
Electoral District in the elections scheduled for October 30, 1983.
The document he addressed to the Secretariat of the Candidates’
Register also denounced the unconstitutionality of the abovementioned laws
because of their violation of Articles 14 and 28 of the Argentine Constitution.
All parts of his request were denied by the Corrientes Federal Judge, so
that he was unable to run for the office of deputy.
b)
On September 27, 1983, the complainant filed remedies of appeal and
nullity against the judgment or decision of first instance with the National
Electoral Chamber;
c)
The aforementioned remedies were also rejected, thus upholding the
judgment of first instance which denied the unconstitutionality of the laws
impugned and the registry of the complainant as an independent candidate in the
aforementioned elections;
d)
On November 11, 1983, the complainant lodged a special complaint with the
Supreme Court of Justice, appealing the verdict of the National Electoral
Chamber. That remedy was rejected
on April 23, 1987 in respect both to Law 23,298 (Organic Law of Political
Parties–which gives those parties the exclusive right to nominate candidates)
and to the alleged violation of the right of association (Arts. 14 and 28 of
Argentina’s Constitution);
e)
The domestic remedies to resolve the situation addressed by the complaint
were exhausted upon issue of the Supreme Court of Justice finding;
f)
The complainant was notified of the Court’s decision on April 22, 1987,
so that his petition was presented within the term stipulated in Article 46, 1 b
of the Convention (Art. 38 paragraph 1 of the IACHR Regulations; and
g)
Consequently, given the infringement of the rights and guarantees set
forth in the Convention–including the right or guarantee not to undergo
compulsory association–he requests that the Commission adopt such measures as
it may deem fitting in accordance with the facts.
5.
In a note of October 21, 1987, the Commission transmitted the accusation
to the Argentine Government, requesting the corresponding information (Art. 34
of the Regulations). The
complainant was notified of that action on the same date.
6.
The Argentine Government replied to the Commission’s request in a note
dated February 25, 1988 (Vs.14-7.2.17), which is summarized below.
a)
In general the complainant’s statement is neither precise nor specific
as to the type of violation committed in his case, since the claim included a
criticism of the electoral system for the selection of candidates, the party
system and the entire political system of the democratic Argentine State;
b)
The object of the complaint would appear to consist of denouncing the
“refusal of Argentina’s federal court system to authorize official status
for his independent candidacy for election as a national deputy,”;
accordingly, this would be the subject addressed by the Argentine Government’s
response;
c)
In this context, and as the complainant himself acknowledges, there are
no absolute rights: it is a
question of those recognized by a constitution, as seen in Articles 14 and 28 of
the Argentine Constitution, or those recognized by the Convention in accordance
with its Articles 30 and 32, which foresee the enactment of laws restricting the
enjoyment or exercise of the rights and freedoms recognized in the Convention
(Art. 30) and state that the rights of each person are limited by the rights of
others, by the security of all, and by just demands of the general welfare, in a
democratic society.
d)
It is deduced from the foregoing that rights may be regulated in order to
render their exercise effective. Hence
the question posed in this case is not whether the juridical possibility of
regulating rights is contemplated in the Convention, but whether the regulations
imposed by the national law–in this case, Law 22,6771–on
the right to elect and be elected are or are not reasonable and consonant with
the framework provided by the Convention (Arts. 30 and 32).
e)
The Argentine Government believes that the regulation ordered by Law 22,
677 is reasonable for the following reasons:
i) Art. 2 simply provides
that “the nomination of candidates for elective public office is the exclusive
purview of the political parties”; but it does not require that a potential
candidate belong to a political party in order for that party to nominate him
for elective public office. There
are two distinct factors: one is
that nominations can be made only be legally recognized political parties; but
it is not true that affiliation with a given party “is essential condition for
nomination thereby. The latter
requirement exists only in the imagination of the complainant;” ii) Since
there is no legal provision on this point, “it is left up to the respective
organic charters of the political parties to determine whether or not they can
require their prospective candidates to belong to the party.” In practice this means that the statutes of the most
important political parties in Argentina envisage the possibility of nominating
candidates outside the party, i.e., individuals who are not members of the party
that puts them up for election;
f)
In this respect, for example, the charter of the Partido Justicialista
establishes (Art. 34) the possibility of including non-party candidates on its
own initiative or through alliances or fronts formed for electoral purposes, as
does the Union Civica Radical in its charter (Arts. 48 and 100 bis).
This practice was followed in the September 6, 1987, elections;
g)
Consequently, the law in question does not infringe the right not to
associate, and this part of the complaint merits no further comment, since
juridical reality and political practice discredit that allegation of the
complainant;
h)
As to whether the regulations are congruent with the Convention, it
should be noted that Law 22,627 and its successor, Law 23,298, meet the
requirements of Art. 30 since: they
are of a general and impersonal nature; the are objective
and create no distinctions or different categories of persons or groups that
might violate the principle of equality before the law; furthermore, they have
been enacted for reasons of “general interest”; i)
Insofar as Art. 32, paragraph 2 of the Convention is concerned, Laws
22,627 and 23,298 are designed to serve the “common good,” since the
lawmakers stipulate “the scope and characteristics of the right to elect and
be elected set forth in the National Constitution and protected by the
Convention as well.” This is not
an isolated juridical phenomenon: that same electoral system is currently in
effect in Guatemala’s electoral legislation (Decree 40-45 of 1985) and in
Panama, not to mention other national systems of this type, such as Spain, the
United Kingdom, Venezuela, and the United States (where federal elections and
those of the states of New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Colorado observe
the principle of having the political parties nominate candidates for elective
office; j)
The systems cited are not designed to restrict or limit political rights,
but to order and systematize the process and avoid problems in a broad field
that is prone to controversy; k)
The Government of Argentina therefore requests that the IACHR declare
Case 10109 inadmissible. 7.
In a letter dated March 16, 1988, the Commission sent the complainant a
copy of the government’s reply and gave him 45 days to submit any observations
or comments. 8.
The complainant’s letter of April 25, 1988, noted his comments on the
Argentine Government’s reply, which repeated the basic points of his original
complaint. 9.
The Commission transmitted the complainant’s observations to the
Argentine Government in a note of May 17, 1988, setting a 30-day period for
presentation of any reply it might deem appropriate. 10.
A note of July 21, 1988, (Vs No. 36) contained the Argentine
Government’s reply to the complainant’s remarks.
It is summarized below. a)
The event on which the claim is based occurred “before the American
Convention on Human rights entered into effect for Argentina; accordingly, the
Argentine Government could hardly be accused of failing to comply with a treaty
or convention to which it was not a party.1 b)
In order to “clarify the legal mechanisms that harmoniously regulate
the electoral system,” however, the Argentine Government is willing to explain
the basis for the present legislation in this field, based on the following
considerations: i)
The complaint is of a general nature, and in similarly general terms it
impugns the entire Argentine political system, it being understood that, under
such circumstances, this sort of situation would not fall within the
jurisdiction of the international body. ii)
Only in the event that a regulation involving political organization
concretely and demonstrably violated an individual right could that particular
regulation be discussed; to act otherwise “would be tantamount to accepting
the possibility that a body outside the Argentine Republic might dictate the
principles and norms on which the nation’s organization should be
predicated.” iii)
Mr. Rios presented his candidacy for a position as national deputy for
Corrientes Province on September 20, 1983, and his complaint was lodged with the
Supreme Court of Justice in February 1984.
Both dates preceded the entry into effect of the American Convention for
Argentina, as noted above; iv)
The complainant admits in his observations2
that it is indeed possible to run for national elective office without belonging
to any political party, as the Argentine Government stated in its first reply;
but he now appears to change his position, stating that “it cannot be argued
that there is much chance that a part would accept a nonmember who offered to
run as an independent candidate.”3 v)
Here again, political reality gives the lie to the petitioner’s
statement, for in 1972 a politician “offered” to run for the office of
national president, and a party took him up on that offer and elected him as its
candidate; vi)
It can be assumed for the foregoing remarks that the claim should be
filed against the political parties that are an accepted factor in present-day
democracies; vii)
It is moreover obvious that pursuant to current legislation (Law 23,
298), any individual may establish his own party and become its candidate if be
so desires, without affecting his right to elect or be elected; the only
requirement is the support of a number of citizens, which is obviously and
necessarily the case for any candidate, not only to be nominated but also to
succeed in the electoral race. CONCLUSIONS
After examining the subject under review in this report, the Commission
has reached the following prima facie conclusions:
1.
The complaint meets the formal requirements for admissibility stipulated
in Article 46, paragraph 1, subsections b, c, and d of the
Convention, since it was submitted within a period of six (6) months from the
date when the complainant was informed of the decision of the Supreme Court of
Justice of the Nation (April 22, 1987), which constituted the complaint is not
pending any other international settlement procedure; it contains the
complainant’s name, domicile, nationality, and profession; and it describes
the events that are the subject of the complaint, although in somewhat
disorganized fashion and without being quire precise as to the causa petendi.
2.
As may be seen from the information concerning the complaint and the
statements of the Argentine Government, the complainant has exhausted the
remedies within the internal jurisdiction of the Argentine Republic, to wit:
a)
He asked the Federal Electoral Judge fore official recognition of his
nomination as federal deputy for Corrientes in the October 20, 1983, elections;
the request was rejected by that judge in a writ dated September 27, 1983.
b)
On October 19, 1983, the complainant lodged an appeal against that
verdict; it was denied by the National Electoral Chamber, thus supporting the
finding or judgment of the electoral judge to the effect that the
complainant’s nomination was inadmissible;
c)
The complainant filed a special appeal against the verdict of
second instance with the National Supreme court of Justice on November 11, 1983.
It was also rejected, and the previous finding was confirmed.
The complainant’s petition was therefore denied, thereby exhausting all
internal redress available to him in defense of his allegedly violated political
rights.
3.
The Commission is competent to examine this case because it involves a
presumed violation of a right stipulated in the Convention (Art. 23 and the
correlated Arts. 16 and 29, which protect the right of association and the
standards for interpretation of the Convention, respectively), as set forth in
Article 44 of the Convention pursuant to Article 46 of the Commission’s
regulations. 4.
Without prejudice to rationae materiae competence, this case
obviously involves a factor which, rationae tempori, affects the
examination thereof: as noted by the argentine Government,1
the event on which the petition is based occurred “before the American
Convention on Human Rights entered into effect for Argentina; accordingly, the
Argentine Government could hardly fail to comply with a treaty or convention to
which it was not a party.”
The Commission finds this objection acceptable, particularly given the
fact that when it ratified the American Convention, Argentina expressly stated
that “the obligations contracted under the Convention shall apply only to
events transpiring subsequent to ratification of that instrument.”
Positive international law honors the principle of non retroactivity of
treaties (Vienna Convention, 1969, Article 28):
“Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise
established, its provisions do not bind a party in relation to any act or fact
which took place or any situation which ceased to exist before the date of entry
into force of the treaty with respect to that party.”
As noted in the preceding paragraph,2
no such intention was established.
5.
Notwithstanding this limitation, one could not fail to see, on the other
hand, that three years and two months elapsed between the ate on which the
complainant filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Justice (3 February 1984)
and the date when the remedy was vacated (22 April 1987).
Furthermore, from the time the case was taken up by the national
tribunals (September 1983) to the date of the petitioner’s complaint to the
IACHR (25 September 1987), there was another four-year interval–during which
numerous important changes took place in the laws applicable to human rights in
the Argentine Republic. Those
changes included the entry into effect of the American Convention for that
country (5 September 1984), and that of the Organic Law of Political Parties
(No. 23,298), superseding de facto law No. 22,627.
Mr. Jesus A. Rios claimed that Art. 2 of the new law perpetuated the
principle of its predecessor by giving political parties the exclusive right to
nominate candidates for elective public office. Given that time frame, the petition becomes a distinctly
current event. 6.
This situation alters the rationae tempori argument to some extent
and calls for the Commission to express its views on the subject of the case so
that it can follow the example set by the Argentine Government in helping to
clarify the mechanisms that regulate Argentina’s electoral system, although it
must of course dissociate itself from all the global criticisms of Argentina’s
political system that pervade the petition since such matters are not within the
IACHR’s purview. 7.
The complainant’s view that membership in a political party is required
in Argentina in order to become a candidate for elective public office is
unfounded: that requirement does
not appear in the Organic Law of Political Parties.
Under the basic rule of juridical interpretation, there is no reason for
making this distinction when the law itself does not do so. Neither is there also any ground for stating that freedom of
association is restrained by the text of Article 2 of Law 23,298.
The Commission concurs with the opinion of the Argentine Government that
Article 2 simply gives political parties the exclusive right to nominate
candidates; but that does not entail the obligation to belong to a party.
Furthermore, as noted in the body of this report, application of this law
has in practice included instances in which the parties’ nominees were not
party members. This practice is
moreover stipulated in the charters of the national parties themselves, as in
Art. 34 of the Justicialista and Arts. 48 and 100-bis of the Union Civica
Radical party charters. Therefore
no concrete offense has been committed against the Constitution of Argentina or
the Convention in this respect. 8.
As to whether regulation of the right to elect and be elected is
compatible with the American Convention [Arts. 24, 29 (a) and 32 (2)], the
Committee finds that the complainant’s argument is unfounded, for it must be
remembered that every electorate comprises thousands or millions of voters,
i.e., each elector is a potential candidate with the same right as any other to
be elected for public elective office. If
democracy is to flourish, that potential makes it necessary the exercise of this
right to be regulated by law. “Insofar
as there are no unreasonable restrictions on the formation and growth of
political parties, nor on participation and militancy therein, we are at a loss
to understand how the right to elect and be elected is affected.1
The system of open primaries could also be cited in this respect:
they, too, do not exclude nomination by parties, or the presentation of
candidates by a number of voters equal or similar to the number required to
found a party that supports a candidate’s action to the number required to
found a party that supports a candidate’s action program. 9.
The laws of other world democracies feature a system of electoral
nomination similar or equal to that of Argentina, i.e., they regulate the right
to elect and be elected through party nomination or the endorsement of
candidates by a substantial group of voters.
An example may be found in the law of New York State, which requires the
support of at least 20,000 voters before a candidate can be included in the
slate. In Spain,2
every candidate must be presented by at least one tenth of the taxpayers in a
given electoral district, and in other instances no less than 500 voters.
In the United Kingdom,3
the candidate must be sponsored by two electors as promoters and another eight
as supporters of the candidacy. In
Venezuela,4
the process is even more complicated: candidates
must be nominated by ten registered voters from the corresponding electoral
district who represent 0.5% of the electorate but must consist of at least 200
registered voters. Mexico’s 1987
Electoral Code gives political parties the right to nominate candidates in
federal elections. Costa Rica’s
Electoral Code requires a membership of a least 3,000 registered voters before a
national party can be officially recognized.5 10.
In the Commission’s opinion, these regulations are consistent with the
role played by parties in a representative democracy. Art.
41 of the Mexican Constitution6
states that “political parties are organs of public interest,” and it
empowers them to encourage people to take part in democratic life, help
integrate national representation; and provide the population with access to
exercise of the public power by means of universal, free, secret and direct
suffrage. Art.
113 of Venezuela’s Constitution gives the parties the right to monitor the
electoral process, while Art. 114 recognizes the right of all Venezuelan’s to
associate in parties “to help guide the nation’s policies by means of
democratic methods,” so that it may be said to assign political parties a
prominent place in the institutional order. 11.
Parties are a necessary institution in democracy.
The Commission shares the view that “modern democracy may be said to be
predicated on political parties… At
each election, parties select the candidates from who the elector will choose
the recipient of his vote; orderly procedure is thus imposed by public opinion,
for it the citizens were to vote directly, without the preliminary screening
performed by the parties, chaos and anarchy would reign at the urns, votes would
be scattered in disarray, and those elected would not be representative because
of few votes received by each.”1 12.
The Commission also shares the view that Art. 2 of Law 23,298 does not
violate Article 28 of the Constitution (by altering principles and rights
recognized in earlier articles of the supreme law), nor does it violate Articles
16 (right of association) 22 (political rights); 24 (equality before the law);
and 29 (restrictions on interpretation), because the law in question gives the
complainant the option of joining which ever of Argentina’s political parties
he chooses and promoting his candidacy among them, plus that founding his own
party and seeking election therein to any position he freely chooses. 13.
Consequently, in the light of and based on the foregoing conclusions, and
bearing in mind: that the case is
not susceptible to friendly settlement (Art. 45, 7 of the Commission’s
Regulations) by constituting an event or situation that has been remedied de
jure and de facto; that the statement of the petitioner himself shows
the case to be manifestly groundless, and no facts have been presented that
represent a violation of the rights protected in the Convention (Arts. 47 of the
Convention and 41 of the Commission’s Regulations), Case 10,109, the
subject of this report, is declared inadmissible, and the Organic Law of
Political parties in the Argentine Republic (No. 23,298), which is involved in
the controversy at issue, is found not to violate the American Convention on
Human Rights. 14.
It is agreed to transmit the present report to the interested Government
and to the complainant.
[ Table of Contents |Previous | Next ]
1. Known as the “de facto” law, this was superseded by Law
23,298, B.O. of the State on October 25, 1985 (No. 25791). 2. Superseded by Law 2135 (National Electoral Code, promulgated
18/8/83, with amendments introduced by laws 23,247 and 23,476 of 1987. 1. Superseded by “de facto” Law 23,298; see note on page 1. 1. Argentina ratified the Convention on 5/9/84, with one
reservation and interpretative statements.
See Basic Documents on Human Rights in the Inter-American System,
1988, OAS, pp. 53-54. 2. Letter of April 25, 1988, p.4. 3. Ibid., p.5. 1. Note of July 6, 1988 (Vs No. 36), point 3, in the files. 2. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, OEA/Ser.A/II.11,
CJI018, p. 14. See also report
of the CIL, May 1966, OEA/Ser.A/Ii/11–CJI-18 (A), pp. 45-46. 1. Note of Argentine Government, 7 June 88, p.4., point 9, in
files. 2. Royal Decree 20/1977 of March 18 on Electoral Standards. 3.
Law of Popular Representation, 1969. 4. Organic Law Suffrage, July 6, 1977. 5. Legislación Electoral Comparada, Inter-American Institute of
Human Rights, 1986, p. 102. 6. Published by Trillas, 3re ed., 1987. 1. Linares Quintana, Segundo V:
Derecho constitucional e instituciones politicas, 1981, pp. 211 and
235 in Appeal for Review of Facts of Law to the Supreme Court of Justice,
Rios, Antonio Jesus, not officially recognized, Corrientes District, pp.
12-13. Annex submitted by
petitioner, on file.
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